Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41326581›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Comparative human and porcine skin permeation profiles of novel metformin lotion formulations.

Celina Zhao, Jianying Zhang, Vasyl Pastukh, Asim Ejaz, James H-C Wang

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Celina ZhaoMechanoBiology Laboratory, Bethel Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, E1640 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
Jianying ZhangMechanoBiology Laboratory, Bethel Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, E1640 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-9910
Vasyl PastukhMechanoBiology Laboratory, Bethel Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, E1640 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9854-8212
Asim EjazSkin Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-0010
James H-C WangMechanoBiology Laboratory, Bethel Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, E1640 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. wanghc@pitt.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-0679

Funding

Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs HT9425-23-1-0617Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium W81XWH2290016
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Metformin (Met), a highly hydrophilic drug, exhibits anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects beyond its antidiabetic role. However, its extreme polarity limits passive diffusion through the stratum corneum, necessitating optimized formulations for effective transdermal delivery. This study compared Met permeability through human and porcine ear skin using three lotion formulations containing different permeation enhancers: (1) 6% Met + glycerol (Gly); (2) 6% Met + Gly and propylene glycol (PG); and (3) 10% Met + PG and Transcutol

Indexed as

MetforminSkinSkin AbsorptionSkin CreamAdministration, CutaneousAnimalsEthylene GlycolsGlycerolHumansPermeabilityPropylene GlycolSwinecarbitolEthylene GlycolsGlycerolMetforminPropylene GlycolEnhancerHuman skinLotionMetforminPermeationPorcine skin

Identifiers

PMID41326581
PMCPMC12775088

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.