New insights into sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health.

Chara Kaldirimitzian, Louiza Kampanella, Konstantina-Maria Chouliara, Eirini-Maria Kavvadia, Vasiliki-Regina Tsinopoulou, Konstantinos I Tsamis, Georgios Boutzios, Melpomeni Peppa, Stavroula A Paschou

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Review in Hormones (Athens, Greece), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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2 · The registry

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Chara Kaldirimitzian *Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Louiza Kampanella *Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Konstantina-Maria Chouliara *Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Eirini-Maria Kavvadia *Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Vasiliki-Regina Tsinopoulou2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Konstantinos I TsamisDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.

Georgios BoutziosEndocrine Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Laiko Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Melpomeni PeppaEndocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Stavroula A PaschouEndocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. s.a.paschou@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-1376

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sexual dimorphism is evident in several key metabolic processes, extending to the pathophysiology, incidence, and progression of cardiometabolic diseases and forming distinct risk profiles between men and women. This review provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic disease risk and onset. Sex-specific cardiometabolic health outcomes are correlated with genetic, hormonal, and metabolism-associated risk factors, immunological variations, and lifestyle. Compared to men of corresponding age and BMI, premenopausal women are at lower risk of cardiometabolic disorders-an advantage that disappears after menopause-revealing the adverse health alterations stimulated by chronological and ovarian aging. Despite the increased incidence and morbidity of cardiometabolic diseases, current preventive, diagnostic, and treatment approaches remain non-sex- and non-age-specific and hence partially ineffective. We outline the implications of cardiometabolic sexual dimorphism and explore current strategies, highlighting the significance of age-weighted, sex-distinct prevention and treatment strategies for achievement of improved outcomes.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesSex CharacteristicsCardiometabolic Risk FactorsFemaleHumansMaleSex FactorsAdipose tissueCardiometabolic riskEstrogensImplicationsMenopauseSex hormonesSexual dimorphism

Identifiers

PMID41324867

DOI10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.001

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