Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41323841›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X2025

A comparison of theacrine and methylliberine with caffeine as salivary markers for determining gastric emptying.

Toni Wildgrube, Stefan Senekowitsch, Robin Krüger, Fabian Winter, Michael Grimm, Werner Weitschies, Philipp Schick

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of pharmaceutics: X, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Toni WildgrubeDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Stefan SenekowitschDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Robin KrügerDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Fabian WinterDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Michael GrimmDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Werner WeitschiesDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Philipp SchickDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gastric emptying is a critical determinant of the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. A key limitation in studies using caffeine as a marker for gastric emptying is the requirement for prior caffeine abstinence, which can complicate study design and participant recruitment. The present study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the potential use of the methylurates methylliberine and theacrine as novel salivary markers for the assessment of gastric emptying of non-caloric liquids, in comparison to the established marker caffeine. A Salivary Tracer Technique (STT) was employed in a crossover study that involved twelve healthy volunteers. The subjects participating in the study were under fasted state conditions according to the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) when they received ice capsules containing either caffeine, methylliberine, theacrine, or a combination of these three substances. Salivary samples were collected at predetermined intervals over 24 h in order to analyse their pharmacokinetic profiles. The results demonstrated a rapid absorption, with maximum salivary concentrations (c

Indexed as

CaffeineFasted stateGastric emptyingIn vivo studyMethylliberineSalivary tracer techniqueTheacrine

Identifiers

PMID41323841
PMCPMC12657313

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.