ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025
Epidemiology and genetic characteristics of coxsackievirus A16 associated with hand-foot-mouth disease in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province from 2021 to 2024.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- High-throughput sequencing reveals the virome characteristics of wastewater in Gansu Province, China from 2024 to 2026.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common acute infectious disease in children caused by various enteroviruses (EV). CV-A16 is one of the main pathogens of HFMD, leading to multiple outbreaks of HFMD worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. This study aims to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of the coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) that cause HFMD in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province from 2021 to 2024. A total of 2,105-laboratory diagnosis HFMD cases were collected, of which 529 were CV-A16 positive samples. The detected number of CV-A16 began to rise in March, peaked in May-August, and then decreased in September. Its distribution was highest in children aged 1-5 years, with more males than females. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the B1a and B1b subgenotypes were simultaneously prevalent in Hangzhou from 2021 to 2023. The B1c evolutionary branch detected in Hangzhou in 2023 experienced a sudden increase in quantity in 2024, with the same proportion as B1a, suggesting a change in the subgenotype prevalence of CV-A16 virus. Evolutionary analysis also confirmed that the CV-A16 in Hangzhou is genetically stable and the B1a lineage emerged earlier, followed by B1b, while B1c is a newly emerging lineage. There were three specific amino acid variations (P3S, I235V, and T240A) in the VP1 sequence of B1c. These findings have expanded the global genetic resources of CVA16 and provided supporting evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD. Meanwhile, the CV-A16 B1c outbreak branch that emerged in Hangzhou from 2023 to 2024 also highlights the necessity of strengthening the monitoring of virus evolution and epidemiological dynamics in this region.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.