Exploring the gut-kidney axis: possible connection between gastrointestinal and renal disorders in dromedary camels.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and renal dysfunction are common and clinically significant conditions in dromedary camels ( Methods: Seventy camels were examined, including 49 with GI disorders and 21 clinically healthy controls. Affected camels were categorized as Group 1 (intestinal obstruction, Results: Compared with controls, camels in Groups 1-3 had significantly elevated BUN (2.2-, 1.9-, and 2.6-fold) and creatinine (2.4-, 2.7-, and 3.0-fold) concentrations. Adjustment for mediators produced minimal change, suggesting robust and independent associations between GI disorders and renal impairment. Ultrasonographic findings supported these results: intestinal obstruction showed distended loops with reduced motility; impaction exhibited hyperechogenic rumen contents; and chronic diarrhea was associated with mucosal thickening, increased peristalsis, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Discussion: Gastrointestinal disorders in dromedary camels are strongly linked to renal dysfunction, as evidenced by consistent biochemical and ultrasonographic abnormalities. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the gut-renal axis in camels and emphasize the importance of early recognition and management of GI disorders to prevent secondary renal complications.