ReviewJournal of toxicology2025
Chemical Warfare Through the Ages: A Systematic Review From Antiquity to the Present.
Review in Journal of toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chemical warfare means the use of chemical agents that have direct toxic effects on animals, plants and humans, as weapons. The first documented use of a chemical agent for warfare purposes occurred in ancient times around 10,000 BCE in South Africa when weapons were dipped in chemicals and then used to attack and defend from enemies. However, much of the evidence lacks detail to provide thorough accounts of such events. Nevertheless, we aimed to systematically gather the most comprehensive account of all publicly known incidents involving chemical weapons throughout history. We identified 121 instances of chemical weapon use between 10,000 BCE and October 2023 spanning 49 countries and causing at minimum 2,110,360 injuries and 2,930,769 deaths. Across the 121 incidents, at least 165 chemical agents were used. Of the known chemical agents, the top three were sulphur mustard (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.