ArticleAnalytical science advances2025
A Miniaturized Optical Bioassay Towards Early-Stage Diagnosis of Cancer Using Immunosensing of Biomarkers (CA 15.3, PSA and CEA) by Toluidine Blue-Decorated Poly(Methyl Methacrylate): Proof of Concept.
Article in Analytical science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current study evaluated the application of a novel and advanced photochemical biosensing platform for the detection of multiple biomarkers of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15.3) in human plasma samples using optical biomedical analysis. For the first time, toluidine blue (TB)-decorated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) micro-arrays integrated with smartphone-based digital image analysis towards cancer biomarkers detection. Immunosensing was achieved through antigen-antibody binding, which induce TB aggregation via immunocomplex formation, resulting in quantifiable colorimetric shifts mediated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) modulation. The assay demonstrated linear ranges of 1-60, 1-75 and 1-125 µg/mL, with a low limit of quantification of 10, 1 and 1 µg/mL, for PSA, CEA and CA 15.3, respectively. A smartphone-enabled ambient light sensor was employed for real-time digital colorimetry, enabling user-friendly quantification of prostate, colon and breast cancer biomarker without specialized instrumentation. The developed system addresses critical gaps in point-of-care diagnostics by combining scalable PMMA microarray fabrication, targeted TB-antibody conjugation chemistry and machine vision-based signal processing into a unified workflow. This low-cost, multiplexed sensing approach holds significant promise for early cancer screening in resource-limited settings, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics, remote health monitoring and personalized medicine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.