ArticleBMJ public health2025
Prevalence and impact of adverse childhood experiences and extrafamilial violence: a representative survey of adults in Northern Ireland.
Article in BMJ public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Implementation Strategies and Outcomes for Whole-System Violence Reduction: A Case Study from Northern Ireland.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hidden Harm-Exploring the Utility of Geostatistical Analysis to Identify Child Criminal Exploitation (CCE).Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Preventing Youth Crime and Violence: Intervention and Evaluation Issues.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tipping the scales: the predictive utility of the PCE-ACE ratio for criminogenic and wellbeing outcomes in a general adult population.Health & justice · 2026Article
- Prevalence and impact of adverse childhood experiences and extrafamilial violence: a representative survey of adults in Northern Ireland.BMJ public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to poor outcomes in adulthood, but extrafamilial violence (EFV), such as bullying, community and collective violence, remains relatively under-researched. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of both the commonly measured ACEs and EFV in Northern Ireland (NI), a postconflict region and assess the association with physical and psychological outcomes. Methods: A representative sample of 1200 adults completed a standardised assessment of childhood adversity (WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire) covering 13 ACEs. Logistic regressions assessed the association between high ACE exposure (4+vs 0) and adult mental and physical health, health behaviours and service use, adjusting for age, gender and deprivation. Adjusted ORs (AORs), population attributable fractions and additional variance explained were reported. Results: When EFVs were included alongside commonly measured ACEs, 60.0% (n=719) of the NI sample reported at least one ACE and 17.6% (n=212) reported four or more. EFVs were independently associated with poor mental health outcomes, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)/complex PTSD (CPTSD) (AOR Conclusions: EFV is a common and impactful form of childhood adversity. Including EFVs in ACE models improves predictive accuracy, particularly for mental health. ACE research and policy frameworks should be broadened to reflect the added burden of EFV.
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