ArticleAndrology2026
Pig Seminal Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Motility During Preservation of Epididymal Spermatozoa but Impair Capacitation and IVF Parameters.
Article in Andrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seminal Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Modulators of Male Reproductive Function.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2026Review
- Sperm Recovery and Evaluation in Domestic Species: Challenges and Current Practices.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2026Review
- Differentially expressed miRNA Cargo From Boar Seminal Extracellular Vesicles Is Linked With Motility Quality in AI Doses.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2026Article
- Small and Large Seminal Extracellular Vesicles Differentially Modulate Capacitation-Related Parameters in Frozen-Thawed Porcine Epididymal Spermatozoa.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of seminal plasma synthesis and actions on sperm function for advancing reproductive technologies.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by accessory sex glands play a key role in sperm functionality, influencing motility, viability, acrosome integrity, metabolic activity, and capacitation. Most studies on the effects of EVs on spermatozoa have focused on ejaculated spermatozoa, which have already been exposed to their own native EVs. This prior exposure may contribute to the variability in reported effects of EVs on sperm function.
objectivesTo evaluate the role of EVs on the function of pig epididymal spermatozoa and their potential use for improving sperm preservation and in vitro fertilization (IVF). MATERIALS AND
methodsEVs were isolated from ejaculates of boars with proven fertility using ExoQuick ULTRA and subsequently characterized according to the guidelines of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). Epididymal spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis and diluted in MR-A medium before being incubated with EVs for 72 h. Sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial activity were assessed at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. These parameters were also evaluated at 24 and 48 h after sperm incubation at 38.5°C for 5 h. To evaluate the role of EVs on sperm function, PKA activity (pPKA) and tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr-P) were assessed in capacitated spermatozoa by Western blot. IVF assays were also performed at 0 and 48 h of storage to evaluate sperm quality. The IVF parameters evaluated were oocyte penetration rate, sperm count per oocyte, and sperm adhesion to the zona pellucida.
resultsIncubation of spermatozoa with EVs improved motility, but impaired acrosome integrity and viability. Incubation of spermatozoa with EVs also caused a reduction in pPKA activity. Regarding Tyr-P, it was observed that EVs prevented the phosphorylation of 20 kDa proteins. IVF parameters decreased when fertilization was performed with EV-incubated spermatozoa.
conclusionsSupplementation with EVs improves sperm motility, modulates capacitation by reducing protein phosphorylation, and reduces fertilization parameters.
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