Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41319829›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of ophthalmology2026

Systemic and Metabolic Profile of Sagging Eye Syndrome: A Comparative Analysis.

Veronika Yehezkeli, Janice J Kim, Federico G Velez, Joseph L Demer, Stacy L Pineles

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Veronika YehezkeliFrom the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (V.Y., F.G.V., J.L.D., S.L.P.), Los Angeles, California, USA.
Janice J KimDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.J.K.), Los Angeles, California, USA.
Federico G VelezFrom the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (V.Y., F.G.V., J.L.D., S.L.P.), Los Angeles, California, USA.
Joseph L DemerFrom the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (V.Y., F.G.V., J.L.D., S.L.P.), Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California (J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA; Bioengineering Department, University of California (J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California (J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA.
Stacy L PinelesFrom the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (V.Y., F.G.V., J.L.D., S.L.P.), Los Angeles, California, USA. Electronic address: spineles@mednet.ucla.edu.

Funding

Vision Research Core at UCLAP30EY000331 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Xian-Jie Yang · 1985 to 2026
$16.8M
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS IN STRABISMUS SURGERYR01EY008313 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI JOSEPH Louis DEMER · 1991 to 2026
$15.0M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY000331NEI NIH HHS R01 EY008313
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeSagging eye syndrome (SES) is an acquired strabismus characterized by distance esotropia (ET) and cyclo-vertical deviation, affecting older people. This study identified demographic, systemic, and ocular factors associated with SES and compared them to other forms of ET in older adults.

designRetrospective cohort study.

methodsDemographic data, systemic comorbidities, ocular history, and strabismus were reviewed in esotropic patients at least 55 years old diagnosed with SES between 2013 and 2024 at a single institution, and compared with age-matched controls diagnosed with other forms of ET.

resultsA total of 383 patients were studied, of whom 67 had SES, and 316 had ET without SES ET. Male SES patients were significantly older at 81.5 ± 10 years (standard deviation) than esotropic males without SES at 76 ± 10 years (P = .04), and symptom onset was significantly older for SES in both genders (male: 72 ± 10 years vs 68 ± 11 years, P = .02; female: 75 ± 9 years vs 69 ± 9 years, P = .04). Women with SES had significantly lower mean body mass index (BMI) at 23 ± 4 than esotropic women without SES at 25 ± 5 (P = .02). Logistic regression demonstrated that lower BMI was associated with higher odds of SES in women, with the odds of SES increasing by approximately 9.4% for each 1-unit decrease in BMI (odds ratios = 0.91, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.84-0.99). Osteopenia was more prevalent at 77% among esotropic women with SES than women without osteopenia at 51% (P = .003), and remained an independent risk factor for SES after adjusting for age (odds ratios = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.02-3.23, P = .04) and BMI (95% CI, 1.14-6.18; P = .02). There were no significant differential associations with SES for gender, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, cataract surgery, glaucoma, or use of progressive addition spectacles.

conclusionsSES is associated with advanced age at symptom onset in both genders and with lower BMI and osteopenia in women.

Indexed as

EsotropiaMetabolomeOculomotor MusclesAgedAged, 80 and overBody Mass IndexFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID41319829
PMCPMC13051649

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.