Advanced therapies for inherited optic neuropathies.

Inherited optic neuropathies (IONs), such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), typically lead to irreversible severe vision loss due to mitochondrial dysfunction causing retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Although current treatment options are limited, substantial progress has been made recently in our understanding of the molecular genetic pathways that lead to retinal ganglion cell loss. Clinical trials for LHON have demonstrated the efficacy of idebenone, an oral neuroprotective agent, and gene replacement therapy using allotopic gene expression. Early phase clinical trials are underway for ADOA caused by variants in the nuclear gene OPA1 using innovative techniques to modulate gene expression in a variant-agnostic manner. In this review, we have critically appraised a range of therapeutic strategies, including gene editing and stem cell-based optic nerve regeneration, with a discussion of the barriers to translation. Future studies focussing on understanding genetic heterogeneity, disease variability and optimising patient selection for clinical trials are essential to improve patient management and fast track transformative therapies for IONs.