Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41317696›Full record

ArticleJournal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials2026

Biodegradable and osteoconductive sodium alginate-gelatin/amorphous magnesium phosphate 3D-printed scaffolds for craniofacial bone regeneration.

Joyce R de Souza, Igor P Mendes Soares, Caroline Anselmi, Prabaha Sikder, Josimeri Hebling, Alexandre L S Borges, Eliandra S Trichês, Marco C Bottino

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Joyce R de SouzaDepartment of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
Igor P Mendes SoaresDepartment of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
Caroline AnselmiDepartment of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Morphology and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
Prabaha SikderDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Josimeri HeblingDepartment of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Morphology and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
Alexandre L S BorgesDepartment of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
Eliandra S TrichêsDepartment of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
Marco C BottinoDepartment of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. Electronic address: mbottino@umich.edu.

Funding

Personalized Strategies for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration - A Converged Biofabrication ApproachR01DE031476 · NIDCR · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Marco C Bottino · 2022 to 2026
$2.6M
NIDCR NIH HHS R01 DE031476
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aimed (1) to develop and characterize 3D-printed hydrogel-based scaffolds composed of sodium alginate and gelatin containing amorphous magnesium phosphate (AMP), and (2) to evaluate the scaffolds' biological response with alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBMSCs). Hydrogel inks were prepared with sodium alginate, gelatin, calcium chloride, and varying AMP contents (0 %, 5 %, and 10 %). The scaffolds were fabricated using an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter. First, the formulated hydrogel-based inks were characterized for rheological behavior and printability. After printing, the scaffolds were assessed for morphology, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and swelling/degradation profiles. For in vitro cell-scaffold interaction, scaffolds were seeded with aBMSCs and analyzed for cell viability, matrix mineralization, and osteogenic gene expression via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA/Sidak or Tukey tests, with confidence intervals (α = 5 %). Rheological analysis showed that all inks exhibited shear-thinning behavior, more pronounced in AMP-containing formulations. Filament drop tests and printability assessments demonstrated filament uniformity and structural fidelity in AMP-containing inks. Morphological analysis revealed well-defined scaffold architecture with regular edges, and SEM confirmed smooth surface morphology with uniform AMP distribution. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic phosphate and polymer bands, while EDS confirmed the presence of magnesium and phosphorus in AMP-containing scaffolds. The swelling behavior increased over 24 h, and all 3D-printed scaffolds fully degraded within 35 days. All formulations supported increased cell viability over time (p ≤ 0.0092). AMP-containing scaffolds enhanced mineralized matrix deposition under osteogenic stimulation (p < 0.0001), particularly in the 10 % AMP group, and promoted upregulation of osteogenic genes (COL1A1, ALPL, and RUNX2). Clinical significance: This study demonstrated that incorporating AMP into alginate-based hydrogels combines printability, biodegradability, and osteoconductive properties. Previous AMP-containing biomaterials lacked optimization for material extrusion-based 3D printing or the synergistic combination with a gelatin-alginate network. This strategy represents an advance in the field, offering a potential biomaterial ink for the fabrication of personalized scaffolds for craniofacial bone regeneration, enabling synergistic modulation of rheology and early osteogenic stimulation.

Indexed as

AlginatesBiocompatible MaterialsBone RegenerationGelatinMagnesium CompoundsPhosphatesPrinting, Three-DimensionalSkullTissue ScaffoldsAnimalsCell SurvivalHydrogelsMesenchymal Stem CellsOsteogenesisRheologyAlginatesBiocompatible MaterialsGelatinHydrogelsMagnesium Compoundsmagnesium phosphatePhosphates3D printingAlginateAmorphous magnesium phosphateBone regenerationGelatinHydrogel

Identifiers

PMID41317696
PMCPMC13033330

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.