Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41317399›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026

AI-Directed 3D Printing of Hierarchical Polyurethane Foams.

Dhanush Patil, Jie Tian, Kun Jiang, Clarissa Westover, Sri Vaishnavi Thummalapalli, Arunachalam Ramanathan, Arpita Shome, Natalie Crutchfield, M Taylor Sobczak, Sean Lee and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Tailoring Superwettability Through Bioinspired Reentrant Microstructures.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
  3. AI-Directed 3D Printing of Hierarchical Polyurethane Foams.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Dhanush PatilMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0093-3997
Jie TianMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Kun JiangMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Clarissa WestoverSchool for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy and Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing (SM3), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-3412
Sri Vaishnavi ThummalapalliMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5903-6131
Arunachalam RamanathanMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Arpita ShomeSchool of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Natalie CrutchfieldSchool of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9549-501X
M Taylor SobczakMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0228-6658
Sean LeeMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Hongyue SunMechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Elizabeth J BrisboisSchool of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9283-5448
Hitesh HandaSchool of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-7374
Timothy E LongSchool of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing (SM3), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
Xianqiao WangProfessor of Mechanical Engineering, School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical (ECAM), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
Kenan SongAssociate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical (ECAM) and School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering (CMBE), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-2449

Funding

Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-22-1-0263American Chemical Society 62371-ND10National Science Foundation 2132183National Science Foundation 2409815National Science Foundation 2507116National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program 1000375560Office of Naval Research N000142312382Qatar National Research Fund NPRP14S-0317-210064
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hierarchical porous materials enable next-generation protective, thermal, and biomedical devices by leveraging multiscale architectures with tunable mechanical and thermal properties. Current 3D printing techniques mainly yield periodic lattices and support limited polymer types, restricting patterning possibilities and scalability. Stochastic foam architectures, with heterogeneous and interconnected pores, mimic biological structures for improved energy dissipation and functional adaptability. However, scalable additive manufacturing of such foams remains scarcely explored. Here, a direct ink writing (DIW) strategy couples static mixer-enabled reactive extrusion and in situ polymerization to manufacture stochastic polyurethane (PU) foams at ambient conditions, eliminating post-processing. Precise control over pore size (0.2 µm to 1.2 mm), porosity (65-95%), and open-cell architecture delivers thermal conductivities down to 0.067  W m

Indexed as

3D printingpatterningpolyurethane foamporous media

Identifiers

PMID41317399
PMCPMC12884732

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.