Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41315644›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Designing a neuro-symbolic dual-model architecture for explainable and resilient intrusion detection in IoT networks.

Ahmad Almadhor, Shtwai Alsubai, Abdullah Al Hejaili, Zeineb Klai, Belgacem Bouallegue, Urban Kovac

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Ahmad AlmadhorDepartment of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia. aaalmadhor@ju.edu.sa.
Shtwai AlsubaiCollege of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, 16273, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah Al HejailiFaculty of Computers & Information Technology, Computer Science Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
Zeineb KlaiDepartment of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Zeineb.klai@nbu.edu.sa.
Belgacem BouallegueDepartment of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, ABHA, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
Urban KovacFaculty of Management, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 25, Bratislava, 82005, Slovakia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly evolving into a vast ecosystem of interconnected devices that serve diverse domains, including smart homes, healthcare, and gaming. However, the increasing complexity of device behavior, growing cybersecurity threats, and the need for real-time personalized services pose significant challenges in design, performance, and user trust. Traditional AI approaches, while powerful at pattern recognition, often lack interpretability and symbolic reasoning capabilities crucial for sensitive, adaptive consumer environments. In this work, we address these challenges by proposing a hybrid neuro-symbolic AI framework for cyber threat analysis in consumer electronic platforms. Leveraging the NF-BoT-IoT-V2 dataset, we implemented and evaluated both 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to classify cyberattack behaviors with high fidelity. Our models achieved over 98% accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of neural architectures in real-world attack detection. To enhance trust and interpretability, we integrated Explainable AI techniques, including SHAP and LIME, to provide feature-level insights into model predictions. Furthermore, we outline the integration of symbolic reasoning and real-world use-case mappings in smart home automation, IoT networks, and gaming environments. This study presents a scalable and interpretable neuro-symbolic approach that advances the intelligence, security, and personalization capabilities of modern consumer electronics.

Indexed as

Cyberattack classificationExplainable AI (XAI)Intrusion detection system (IDS)IoT securityLIMENeuro-symbolic AISHAPSmart home simulation

Identifiers

PMID41315644
PMCPMC12663536

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.