ArticleScientific reports2025
E-cigarette exposure and CDP choline modulate withdrawal- induced anxiety and hormonal levels in rats.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
E-cigarette use is rapidly increasing worldwide, yet its impact on mental health and hormonal regulation during withdrawal remains poorly understood. Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) is a neuroprotective compound that may alleviate withdrawal-related disturbances.
methodsThis study evaluated the effects of e-cigarette exposure and subsequent CDP-choline treatment on withdrawal-induced anxiety and hormonal changes in a rat model. Thirty-five adults male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control (room air), e-cigarette exposure, e-cigarette exposure + CDP-choline, e-cigarette quitting + CDP-choline, and CDP-choline only. Animals were exposed to e-cigarette vapor for six weeks, followed by either continued exposure at reduced duration or cessation, with CDP-choline administered during the final three weeks. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed using the light-dark box test, and serum nicotine, cotinine, adrenaline, and β-endorphin concentrations were quantified by ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS).
resultsChronic e-cigarette exposure increased serum nicotine, cotinine, adrenaline, and β-endorphin levels compared with controls, and was associated with withdrawal-induced anxiety. CDP-choline treatment reduced serum nicotine and cotinine concentrations, normalized adrenaline and β-endorphin levels, and improved behavioral outcomes, as indicated by increased time spent in the light chamber and reduced stretching frequency.
conclusionCDP-choline mitigates the biochemical and behavioral disturbances associated with e-cigarette exposure and withdrawal, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for nicotine dependence. Future studies incorporating pharmacokinetic profiling, long-term efficacy assessment, and inclusion of female subjects are warranted to further clarify its mechanisms and clinical applicability.
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