ReviewFrontiers in medicine2025
Intranasal insulin and postoperative delirium in adult surgical patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of preoperative intranasal insulin on postoperative delirium in adult surgical patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Intranasal Drug Delivery in Neuropharmacology: Advances in Brain-Targeted Therapies and Bioethical Challenges.Biomedicines · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The efficacy and safety of intranasal insulin (INI) for preventing postoperative delirium (POD) remain uncertain. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and registers from inception to July 1, 2025, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling adult surgical patients that compared INI with control (saline) investigating the efficacy of INI for POD prevention. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2), and the certainty of evidence was evaluated with the GRADE framework. Primary and secondary outcomes were POD incidence and a comprehensive set of secondary measures (including cognitive scores, hypoglycemia rates, pain scores, and inflammatory markers), respectively. Results: A meta-analysis of 7 randomized trials ( Conclusion: INI may protect perioperative cognitive function, reduce POD incidence within 3 days postoperatively, and alleviate postoperative inflammation without increasing hypoglycemia risk. However, larger-scale, randomized, multicenter trials are needed to confirm clinical efficacy and establish optimal protocols. Clinical trial registration: The protocol for this meta-analysis is available in PROSPERO (CRD42024614995).
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