ArticleCureus2025
A Self-Reported Survey-Based Evaluation of the Real-World Effectiveness of Non-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines During the Second Pandemic Wave in India.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Breakthrough infections (BIs), defined as SARS-CoV-2 infections occurring in fully vaccinated individuals, provide crucial insights into vaccine effectiveness. Data on BIs after non-mRNA vaccines remains limited. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and risk factors associated with COVID-19 BIs in individuals vaccinated with Covishield (Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.) and Covaxin (Bharat Biotech) in India. Methods A survey was conducted from June 1 to September 15, 2021, via Google Forms, disseminated through social media and email. After excluding duplicates and incomplete responses, 5248 were analyzed. Statistical analyses, including chi-squared tests and logistic regression, assessed the risk factors for BIs and their severity. Results Among 5248 respondents, 405 (12.9%) reported BIs. Age >60 years was associated with a higher BI rate (p<0.00001), greater severity (p<0.0001), and higher mortality (p<0.0001). Mortality was higher in men (5.67%) than in women (1.37%; p=0.005). BI rates were similar between Covishield (12.7%) and Covaxin (13.9%) recipients (p=0.4). Longer interdose intervals (5-12 weeks) were associated with lower BI rates (p=0.005). Healthcare workers had higher BI rates (p<0.008) but lower severity (p=0.009) and mortality (0.64% vs. 6.76%; p<0.001). Severe BIs were more common in individuals with comorbidities (p<0.0002). Mortality rate was significantly lower in fully vaccinated individuals (2.29%) compared to incompletely vaccinated individuals (6.22%; p=0.016). Conclusions Full vaccination reduced severe disease and mortality. Older age, comorbidities, and occupational exposure were key risk factors. Despite higher exposure, healthcare workers had lower infection severity and mortality. These findings highlight the importance of optimized vaccine dosing, booster doses for high-risk groups, and continued public health measures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.