ArticleJournal of biological engineering2025
Exosome-functionalized collagen-coated 3D-printed PCL scaffold for enhanced osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration: an in vitro and in vivo study.
Article in Journal of biological engineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Role of Exosomes in Bone Metastasis and Bone Tissue Engineering: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Biotechnology journal · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBone tissue engineering offers a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional bone grafts, including donor site morbidity and immune rejection. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds coated with collagen (Col) were fabricated by extrusion-based printing. The scaffolds were further functionalized with human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (hEnMSCs) and osteoblast-derived exosomes (ODExo), obtained from osteoblast-like cells, to investigate their potential in bone regeneration.
resultsThe printed scaffolds exhibited controlled porosity, suitable mechanical integrity, and improved hydrophilicity following collagen coating. ODExo were isolated from osteoblast-like cells and confirmed by morphology and particle size. In vitro analyses revealed that exosome-functionalized scaffolds significantly enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of hEnMSCs, as indicated by increased calcium deposition and elevated expression of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, RUNX2, and osteonectin, even without osteogenic induction medium. In vivo experiments using a rat calvarial defect model demonstrated superior bone formation and matrix mineralization in scaffolds containing exosomes compared with control groups. Moreover, transplantation of PCL/Col scaffolds seeded with hEnMSCs and ODExo implants further promoted bone regeneration in vivo.
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that osteoblast-derived exosomes serve as potent bioactive modulators capable of driving osteogenic differentiation and accelerating bone regeneration. Incorporating exosomes into 3D printed PCL/Col scaffolds provides a promising biomimetic and partially cell-free approach for the treatment of critical-sized bone defects. This strategy highlights the potential of combining advanced scaffold fabrication with bioactive vesicles to improve clinical outcomes in regenerative medicine.
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Registered trials
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