ArticleHead & face medicine2025
Measurement of three-dimensional facial changes after orthodontic extraction: a retrospective longitudinal study.
Article in Head & face medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to assess the three-dimensional facial morphological changes and acquire quantitative relationship between facial landmarks and zygion point to analyze the overall facial soft tissue impact of extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment.
methodsA total of 21 extraction (19.5 ± 9.2 years) and 21 non-extraction (26.2 ± 9.1 years) versus consecutive patients were enrolled. The pretreatment and posttreatment 3D facial scans were captured using the FaceSCAN3D optical system. After establishing the coordinate system and manually placing landmark, fourteen linear and twelve angular measurements were obtained. Additionally, sixteen projection distances between landmarks and the Zygion point were measured. Color-coded displacement maps were conducted through surface registration for visualization and qualitatively assessed facial changes.
resultsIn extraction group, inter-cheek width (2.60 ± 5.64 mm, P = 0.050) and mouth width (1.92 ± 3.89 mm, P = 0.040) increased, while upper lip fullness (-0.88 ± 1.11 mm, P = 0.003), lower lip fullness(-0.55 ± 1.21 mm, P = 0.050), and Li-N'-Pg' angle (-1.55 ± 1.09°, P < 0.001) decreased (T1-T0). As for quantitative measurements, the backward movement of landmarks in paranasal area (bilateral Al [nasal ala]: -1.14 ± 1.84 mm and -1.14 ± 1.47 mm, P = 0.010 and P = 0.002, respectively; bilateral Subal [subnasal ala]: -1.23 ± 2.18 mm and -1.25 ± 1.46 mm, P = 0.018 and P = 0.001, respectively) was observed. In the cheek area, significant changes were found in: left Ck-i [cheek-inner]: -1.40 ± 2.18 mm, P = 0.008; right Ck-m (cheek-middle): -2.32 ± 2.71 mm, P = 0.001), right Ck-o [cheek-outer]: -2.65 ± 4.05 mm, P = 0.007). In the lip area, changes were noted in: (bilateral Chp [chresta philtri]: P < 0.001, bilateral Ch [cheilion]: P < 0.001, Ls (labrale superius]: P = 0.002, Stm [stomion]: P < 0.001, and Li [labrale inferius]: P = 0.002. All changes observed were measured relative to the Zygion point in extraction group.
conclusionsThis study reveals the effects of extraction and non-extraction treatments on the lip, cheek and paranasal areas. Significant differences were found in the linear and angular measurements. The lower lip retraction was more pronounced in the extraction group. A new quantitative method for measuring facial landmarks was established. Inward and downward movement of facial landmarks was observed after extraction treatment.
trial registrationThe protocol of this study (PKUSSIRB-202392145) was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Chictr.org.cn) with the identifier ChiCTR2000034288 (01/07/2020).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.