Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41310311›Full record

ArticleJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2026

Cumulative exposure to opioids and benzodiazepines in extremely preterm neonates.

Michael W Kuzniewicz, Lena S Sun, Aditi Lahiri, Shawn S Jackson, Jonathan M Davis

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Michael W KuzniewiczDivision of Research, Perinatal Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA, USA. michael.w.kuzniewicz@kp.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3271-2999
Lena S SunDepartment of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1100-8492
Aditi LahiriDivision of Research, Perinatal Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA, USA.
Shawn S JacksonDepartment of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jonathan M DavisThe Department of Pediatrics and the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Funding

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. Food & Drug Administration) U01FD007702
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo quantify opioid and benzodiazepine exposure in extremely preterm neonates and assess variation by gestational age, facility, and clinical factors. STUDY

designCross-sectional study of 1501 neonates born at 23-28 weeks gestation at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (2011-2021). Medication data were extracted from electronic records. Cumulative opioid and benzodiazepine exposures were standardized to morphine and lorazepam equivalents per kg. Logistic regression evaluated associations with clinical comorbidities.

resultsThirty percent of neonates were exposed to both drug classes, 24% to opioids alone, and 1.5% to benzodiazepines alone. Exposure was inversely related to gestational age and varied widely across facilities. High opioid exposure (≥10 MME/kg) was associated with mechanical ventilation (aOR 3.7), vasopressors (aOR 4.6), oxygen at 36 weeks (aOR 1.7), and severe IVH (aOR 2.5).

conclusionsOpioid and benzodiazepine use is common and variable in extremely preterm neonates. Standardized pain management and long-term outcome studies are urgently needed.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidBenzodiazepinesInfant, Extremely PrematureCaliforniaCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGestational AgeHumansInfant, NewbornLogistic ModelsMalePain ManagementRespiration, ArtificialAnalgesics, OpioidBenzodiazepines

Identifiers

PMID41310311

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.