Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41310218›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Subclade B3 and D3 enterovirus D68 among children with severe community-acquired pneumonia in China, 2021 to 2024.

Yuanyuan Zhou, Jiayi Lin, Xuejie Zhang, Yi Zhu, Liting Wang, Linfeng Cao, Yingyan Shi, Guangrong Sun, Junfeng Wu, Suqing Liu and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Yuanyuan Zhou *Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
Jiayi Lin *Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
Xuejie Zhang *National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
Yi ZhuInfectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
Liting WangInfectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
Linfeng CaoVirology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
Yingyan ShiRadiology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
Guangrong SunPediatric Department, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China.
Junfeng WuPediatric Department, Quanzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China.
Suqing LiuPediatric Department, Yangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.
Shiyong ZhaoPediatric Department, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
Weibang HuoNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
Xiaohui ZouNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
Wenjie TanNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China. tanwj@ivdc.chinacdc.cn.
Roujian LuNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China. lurj@ivdc.chinacdc.cn.
Jun ShenInfectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China. shenjun_@fudan.edu.cn.

Funding

Beijing Natural Science Foundation L242052Nantong Municipal Key Medical Discipline NoneNational Key Research and Development Program of China 2022YFC2704901
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe respiratory infections in children worldwide and has the potential to re-outbreak. The aim of this study was to assess EV-D68 detection and genetic variability in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Respiratory samples, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), were collected from hospitalized children with CAP in Shanghai, Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu province between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2024. Samples were screened for EV-D68 using real-time RT-PCR, and clinical characteristics of positive cases and virus strain sequences were analyzed. Of 2,842 cases, 0.7% (21/2,842) positive with EV-D68. The median age of these patients was 5.0 years (IQR: 3.6-8.0 years), with 42.9% (9/21) presented severe CAP. Of the 21 identified virus strains, 15 belonged to subclade B3 and 6 to subclade D3. In 2024, a total of 14 strains were detected, including 6 from the newly emerged subclade D3. Seven strains, 5 of which were subclade D3, were found in BALF samples from severe CAP patients. One child with severe CAP exhibited subclade D3 EV-D68 viremia. Notable mutations in the VP1 protein included H99D, K168E, and E169K. Our research showed that the EV-D68 continued to spread among children in eastern China before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2021 to 2024, subclades B3 and D3 predominated, with increase detections in 2024 and association with pediatric severe CAP.

Indexed as

Community-Acquired InfectionsCOVID-19Enterovirus D, HumanEnterovirus InfectionsPneumonia, ViralBronchoalveolar Lavage FluidChildChild, PreschoolChinaCommunity-Acquired PneumoniaFemaleHumansInfantMalePhylogenySARS-CoV-2EnterovirusEnterovirus D68Phylogenetic analysis

Identifiers

PMID41310218
PMCPMC12783743

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.