Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41309836›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Sustainable pretreatment and adsorption of chemical oxygen demand from car wash wastewater using Noug sawdust activated carbon.

Getasew Yirdaw, Abraham Teym, Wolde Melese Ayele, Mengesha Genet, Ahmed Fentaw Ahmed, Assefa Andargie Kassa, Tilahun Degu Tsega, Chalachew Abiyu Ayalew, Getaneh Atikilt Yemata, Tesfaneh Shimels and 15 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Getasew YirdawDepartment of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, PO Box 269, Ethiopia. gech23man@gmail.com.
Abraham TeymDepartment of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, PO Box 269, Ethiopia.
Wolde Melese AyeleDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Mengesha GenetDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Ahmed Fentaw AhmedDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, , Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Assefa Andargie KassaDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Tilahun Degu TsegaDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Chalachew Abiyu AyalewDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Getaneh Atikilt YemataDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, , Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Tesfaneh ShimelsDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, , Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Rahel Mulatie AntenehDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, , Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Abathun TemesgenDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Gashaw Melkie BayehDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Almaw Genet YeshiwasDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Habitamu MekonenDepartment of Human Nutrition, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
Berhanu Abebaw MekonnenDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Meron Asmamaw AlemayehuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Sintayehu Simie TsegaDepartment of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Zeamanuel Anteneh YigzawDepartment of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Amare Genetu EjiguDepartment of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Wondimnew Desalegn AddisDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
Birhanemaskal MalkamuDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
Kalaab Esubalew SharewDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Daniel AdaneDepartment of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
Chalachew YenewDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia, and Research Degree PhD student at Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China., Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Wastewater treatment in developing countries remains inadequate due to limited awareness of its environmental and health impacts, coupled with the high costs of available treatment technologies. Therefore, developing cost-effective, accessible, and efficient treatment solutions is crucial for protecting public health and the environment. This study evaluates the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of a novel combined pre-treatment process followed by adsorption using Noug sawdust activated carbon (NSDAC), a low-cost and sustainable adsorbent. A laboratory-based study was conducted to optimize COD removal efficiency through sequential pre-treatment steps as screening, sedimentation, and filtration followed by adsorption with NSDAC. The adsorbent was chemically activated using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and thoroughly characterized to assess its physicochemical properties. Batch adsorption experiments examined the influence of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and agitation speed on COD removal efficiency. A central composite design was employed to evaluate process interactions and optimize conditions using Design Expert version 13.0.5.0 software. ANOVA and a quadratic logistic regression model were used to assess the statistical significance of process parameters. The highest COD removal efficiency (90.53%) was achieved at a pH of 6.05, an adsorbent dose of 10.87 g/L, a contact time of 86.94 min, and an agitation speed of 190.31 rpm. When applied to real wastewater, the integrated pre-treatment and NSDAC adsorption system achieved a COD removal efficiency of 97.50%, demonstrating superior performance. Adsorption data best fit the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9993) and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 0.9936), indicating monolayer adsorption and chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. This study highlights the potential of NSDAC as a sustainable alternative to conventional adsorbents, contributing to the development of cost-effective wastewater treatment technologies. Future research should focus on optimizing large-scale applications, assessing the economic feasibility of widespread NSDAC adoption, and investigating its regeneration and reusability to improve long-term sustainability.

Indexed as

AdsorptionCar wash wastewaterCentral composite designCombined treatmentNoug sawdust

Identifiers

PMID41309836
PMCPMC12660830

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