Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41309642›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

The relative contribution of close-proximity contacts, shared classroom exposure and indoor air quality to respiratory virus transmission in schools.

Nicolas Banholzer, James Daniel Munday, Philipp Jent, Pascal Bittel, Lorenzo Dall'Amico, Lavinia Furrer, Charlyne Bürki, Tanja Stadler, Matthias Egger, Tina Hascher and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Mitigating indoor risk of airborne infections using COJournal of environmental health science & engineering · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Uncommon pathogen, common activity:Frontiers in public health · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Nicolas Banholzer *Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-0138-6120
James Daniel Munday *Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-6206-7134
Philipp JentMultidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-1838-9208
Pascal BittelMultidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Lorenzo Dall'AmicoISI Foundation, Turin, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7493-6421
Lavinia FurrerInstitute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Charlyne BürkiDepartment of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.ORCID 0009-0007-3849-7795
Tanja StadlerDepartment of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-6431-535X
Matthias EggerPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Tina HascherMultidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Ciro CattutoISI Foundation, Turin, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9526-4364
Lukas FennerInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. lukas.fenner@unibe.ch.ORCID 0000-0003-3309-4835

Funding

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation) P500PM_230473
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Close-proximity interactions are considered a key risk factor for respiratory virus transmission, but their importance relative to shared space and air quality remains unclear. We conducted a six-week longitudinal study in a Swiss secondary school (67 students, aged 14-15). We detected 87 infections in saliva samples and recorded absences to identify plausible transmissions, excluding implausible ones through genomic analysis. Time in close proximity (within 1.5 metres) was measured using wearable sensors and air quality via CO

Indexed as

Air Pollution, IndoorEnvironmental ExposureRespiratory Tract InfectionsSchoolsAdolescentAir MicrobiologyFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleRisk FactorsSalivaStudentsSwitzerland

Identifiers

PMID41309642
PMCPMC12749238

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.