Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41309635›Full record

ArticleNPJ vaccines2025

Sequential aerosol and oral immunization with a bivalent H9N2/H5N2 vaccine protects against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza challenges.

Flavio Cargnin Faccin, L Claire Gay, Dikshya Regmi, Robert Hoelzl, Teresa D Mejías, Darrell Kapczynski, Florian Krammer, Daniel R Perez

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Flavio Cargnin FaccinDepartment of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
L Claire GayDepartment of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Dikshya RegmiDepartment of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Robert HoelzlDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Teresa D MejíasDepartment of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Darrell KapczynskiExotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA.
Florian KrammerDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Daniel R PerezDepartment of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. dperez1@uga.edu.

Funding

NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00014 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI GARCIA-SASTRE, ADOLFO · 2021 to 2025
$62.6M
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 75N93021C00014 and Options 15A, 15B and 17ANational Institute of Food and Agriculture 2021-67015-33406NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00014
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Avian influenza continues to be a major threat to poultry and public health. This study investigated the efficacy of a bivalent H9N2/H5N2 modified live virus (MLV) vaccine delivered through a sequential aerosol priming and drinking water boosting in chickens. We hypothesized that this vaccination strategy would induce robust protective immunity against both low pathogenic H9N2 and high pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses. The results demonstrated that the bivalent MLV vaccine provided sterilizing immunity against homologous and antigenically drifted H9N2 virus challenges. While anti-H5 antibody responses after MLV vaccination were generally weak, a robust anti-N2 antibody response was observed. Notably, the bivalent MLV prime-boost group demonstrated 90% survival against a high-dose H5N1 HPAI challenge. These findings highlight the potential of this mass vaccination approach, utilizing aerosol delivery complemented by drinking water administration, as a convenient and cost-effective method for avian influenza control, particularly H9N2 and H5N1 HPAI.

Identifiers

PMID41309635
PMCPMC12748992

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.