Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41309468›Full record

SynthesisBMJ open2025

Comparative effectiveness of educational interventions in neurological disease for healthcare workers and students: a systematic review.

Munashe Veremu, Zhilin Jiang, Conor S Gillespie, Elena Roman, William H Cook, Rohil V Chauhan, Amir Rafati Fard, Georgios Toumbas, Shehla Baig, Carl Zipser and 5 more

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Munashe VeremuDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-7565
Zhilin JiangNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Conor S GillespieDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Elena RomanDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
William H CookDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Rohil V ChauhanActive Living and Rehabilitation: Aotearoa New Zealand, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Amir Rafati FardDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Georgios ToumbasDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Shehla BaigCity St George's University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-3738-8608
Carl ZipserSpinal Cord Injury Center and Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Sybil StacpooleNeurology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Lindsay TetreaultDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Naomi DeakinDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Antony BatemanRoyal Derby Spine Centre, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.
Benjamin M DaviesDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK bd375@cam.ac.uk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo assess the comparative effectiveness of educational interventions in neurological disease for healthcare workers and students.

designSystematic review. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase and Cochrane through to 1 June 2025. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies evaluating neurological disease educational interventions with a comparator group (observational cohort/randomised controlled trial (RCT)) were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-compliant systematic review was conducted (PROSPERO: CRD42023461838). Knowledge acquisition and educational methodologies were collected from each study. Study outcomes were classified using the Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick four-level model (learner reaction, knowledge acquisition, behavioural change, clinical outcome).

conclusionsThis review highlights a growing body of research particularly focusing on virtual techniques, specialist audiences and treatment-oriented content. Few studies assessed changes in practice or patient care. Non-specialists remain underrepresented. Future studies should prioritise assessing the clinical impact of educational interventions within non-specialist audiences.

Indexed as

Health PersonnelNervous System DiseasesComparative Effectiveness ResearchHumansHealth EducationMEDICAL EDUCATION & TRAININGNeurologyNeurosurgery

Identifiers

PMID41309468
PMCPMC12666186

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.