ArticleCancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)2025
Comparison of Gastric Cancer Models Using Different Dimensions In Vitro.
Article in Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Patient-derived organoids in gastric cancer: bridging the tumor microenvironment to functional precision oncology.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Comparison of Gastric Cancer Models Using Different Dimensions In Vitro.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide due to its late stage of diagnosis. More efficacious models are required to serve as experimental representatives to enhance the effectiveness of various drugs, select suitable treatment regimens for patients, and further investigate the molecular pathological mechanism of GC.
aimsThis study utilized four GC cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells (PDTCs) to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the 2D, spheroid, and organoid models, reveal the growth characteristics, drug sensitivity differences, and potential mechanisms of GC cells in different culture models, so as to promote the development of GC models. METHODS AND
resultsA series of experimental approaches were employed, encompassing but not limited to cell growth assessments, drug sensitivity assays, and RNA-sequencing analyses. We demonstrated that the 3D models are more like human tumor tissues in terms of tissue structure and spatial structure. Notably, there are also differences between different 3D models. The results clearly indicate that the sizes of organoids and spheroids differ significantly. The spheroid model had the lowest growth rate among the three models. However, the organoid model achieved the highest cell growth rate among the three models. This may be because the organoid showed significant PI3K/PTEN signaling pathway activation and low expression of the apoptosis-related protein cleaved PARp. Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that the biosynthesis and metabolism of the 3D model were higher than those of the 2D model, which may be one of the reasons for the drug resistance of the 3D model. The spheroid model had the lowest drug sensitivity among the three models. We found that the spheroid model had higher expression of metabolic-related molecules, followed by the organoid model and then the 2D model.
conclusionOur results show a gap among the three models in the growth characteristics, tissue structure, hypoxia, anti-apoptotic features, signal pathway expression level, and drug sensitivity evaluation of GC cells. These results will further promote the development of GC models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.