Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41307445›Full record

ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2025

Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines and Duration of Protection Against Hospitalisation in England: 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 Seasons.

Heather J Whitaker, Freja C M Kirsebom, Katie Hassell, Catherine Quinot, Julia Stowe, Katja Hoschler, Maria Zambon, Nick J Andrews, Conall H Watson, Jamie Lopez Bernal

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Influenza vaccine effectiveness from nine studies during drifted A(H3N2) subclade K predominance, Europe, September 2025 to January 2026.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026
    Article
  3. Early influenza virus characterisation and vaccine effectiveness in England in autumn 2025, a period dominated by influenza A(H3N2) subclade K.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Heather J WhitakerModelling Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-1863
Freja C M KirsebomImmunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Katie HassellImmunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Catherine QuinotImmunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Julia StoweImmunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Katja HoschlerVirus Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Maria ZambonVirus Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Nick J AndrewsModelling Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Conall H WatsonImmunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Jamie Lopez BernalImmunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.

Funding

UK Health Security Agency
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLinkage of national, healthcare data can provide greater resolution of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza subtypes, as well as the relative effectiveness of different vaccine types and the effects of waning on VE. We present 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 end-of-season VE against hospitalisation with laboratory confirmed influenza for England.

methodsA test-negative design was used to estimate VE against hospitalisation. Cases and controls were identified within national laboratory surveillance systems and linked to hospital admission data. Vaccine histories were obtained from England's vaccine register. We combined results on VE by vaccine type over the two seasons using a meta-analysis.

resultsOne hundred thousand five hundred eighty-one (28,565 positive) and 113,494 (21,243 positive) samples were eligible for inclusion in 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The overall VE for children aged 2-17 years was 67% (95% CI, 63%-70%) in 2022/2023 and 56% (95% CI, 51%-60%) in 2023/2024. For adults aged 18-64, VE was 34% (95% CI, 30%-38%) in 2022/2023 and 38% (95% CI, 34%-42%) in 2023/2024. For adults aged 65+ years, VE was 25% (95% CI, 21%-29%) in 2022/2023 and 18% (95% CI, 14%-22%) in 2023/2024. We found no significant difference in VE by vaccine type. We found evidence of reduced VE against influenza A in adults 9 weeks or more post vaccination compared with 2-8 weeks post vaccination.

conclusionsVaccine protection against influenza hospitalisation was seen in all age groups, with strong protection for children. Adult protection could be strengthened by vaccination closer to the time of expected influenza circulation. Linkage of routine healthcare data provided us with a sufficiently large data set to estimate differences in VE by vaccine type and timing after vaccination.

Indexed as

HospitalizationInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesVaccine EfficacyAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolEnglandFemaleHumansInfantMaleMiddle AgedInfluenza Vaccinesadjuvanted influenza vaccinecell‐based influenza vaccineinactivated influenza vaccineinfluenzalive attenuated influenza vaccinerecombinant influenza vaccinetest‐negative designvaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID41307445
PMCPMC12658907

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.