ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Multi-antigen MVA-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, GEO-CM04S1, induces cross-protective immune responses to ancestral and Omicron variants.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Long-term immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 following homologous and heterologous mRNA and MVA vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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14 authors.
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Abstract
The design focus of the first-generation COVID-19 vaccines was on the use of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein as the primary vaccine immunogen to induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Efficacy was repeatedly disrupted due to the diminished neutralizing capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies against emerging variants. Vaccine candidate GEO-CM04S1 is based on the use of a modified vaccinia Ankara vector (MVA) that co-expresses S and nucleocapsid (N) antigens of the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain. It is designed to induce both antibody and T-cell responses to both S and N, with the goal of broadening immune response specificity and function. Herein, we characterized GEO-CM04S1 vaccine induced immune responses and efficacy against the ancestral Wuhan strain B.1 and the Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5 in K18-hACE-2 mouse model. We also tested experimental vaccine candidates that encode either S or N proteins alone and determined their relative levels and immunogenicity and contribution to efficacy. We demonstrated that immune responses induced by GEO-CM04S1 protects against weight loss, upper and lower respiratory tract infection, lung injury and excessive inflammation following intranasal challenge with B.1. We showed that only GEO-CM04S1 maintained full protective efficacy against the Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5. GEO-CM04S1 vaccination reduced viral replication without significant lung damage following XBB.1.5 infection. Despite full protection, no neutralizing antibodies were detected against XBB.1.5 in the sera of GEO-CM04S1-immunized animals, suggesting a critical role of T-cell responses. Using antibody-mediated depletion, we showed that depletion of CD20 cells or CD8
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