ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2025
Food environment with high plant-based fat supply is associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) protection: a global study with more than 150 countries.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Diet and nutrients are emerging key players in neurological disorders. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder on a global scale, affecting children and increasingly being recognized and diagnosed in adult populations. While its aetiology is unclear, it appears to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, particularly food environments including diets and nutrients. However, most studies so far have focused on the impacts of individual nutrients or dietary patterns on clinically established ADHD. In contrast, the interactive effects of diets and nutrients and their complex interplay with other factors like socioeconomic status on ADHD prevalence and incidence have so far been overlooked. Here, we aim to systematically interrogate the association between nutrient supply, reflecting the food exposure and dietary environment, socioeconomic status and ADHD disease prevalence and incidence at a global level over time. Methods: ADHD disease burden data (incidence and prevalence), macronutrient supply and gross domestic product (GDP) were collated from more than 150 countries from 1990 to 2018 and analyzed with nutritional geometric framework generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). Results: Modeling results suggested the interactive effects of food environment and socioeconomic status on ADHD. Fat supply, especially plant-based fat supply, is associated with decreased ADHD prevalence and incidence. These associations were conserved across sexes and ages. They were not confounded by the total energy supply. Conclusion: Globally, fat, particularly plant-based fat supply in food environment correlated with the reduction of ADHD prevalence and incidence, implying its potential protective effects. This is supported by previous reports about the amelioration of ADHD with ketogenic diets. Further in-depth studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanistic. This might potentially provide some evidence for future targeted dietary interventions for ADHD prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.