SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2025
Meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Peripheral Hypertrophic Subepithelial Corneal Degeneration.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) secondary to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) represents a significant pathogenic mechanism in dry eye disease. This study provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis of MGD indicators in TAO. Methods: The study protocol was prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Registration ID: CRD420251020327) before data extraction. Following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane from inception through March 27, 2025. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Key indicators included lipid layer thickness (LLT), meiboscore, meibum quality, first non-invasive tear film break-up time (NITBUT-f), average non-invasive tear film break-up time (NITBUT-avg), tear break-up time (TBUT), meibomian gland dropout area in the upper (MGDU) and lower eyelids (MGDL), and Results: Thirteen studies (813 TAO eyes, 522 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Quality assessment revealed moderate-to-high methodological rigor across studies. Patients with TAO exhibited significantly worse meibomian gland indicators compared to controls: shorter tear film stability (NITBUT-f, TBUT), higher LLT, increased meiboscore and greater eyelid gland dropout (MGDU, MGDL). IVCM markers indicated meibomian acinar enlargement (MALD, MASD). Significant heterogeneity was observed in several outcomes, including NITBUT-f, NITBUT-avg, meiboscore, Meibum quality, TBUT and MGDU comparisons. Conclusions: Despite the limited number of studies and small sample sizes, TAO is linked to meibomian gland atrophy, acinar dilation, and tear film instability. Active disease is associated with more pronounced lipid layer abnormalities. Targeted evaluation and management of MGD are crucial to mitigate TAO-associated ocular surface morbidity and improve patient quality of life.
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