Enhancing Computational Thinking and Programming Logic Skills with App Inventor 2 and Robotics: Effects on Learning Outcomes, Motivation, and Cognitive Load.

Yu-Ting Huang, Chien-Lung Li, Chin-Chih Chang, Wernhuar Tarng

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yu-Ting HuangInstitute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.

Chien-Lung LiCollege of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan.ORCID 0009-0001-7566-6750

Chin-Chih ChangDepartment of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0001-8752-4859

Wernhuar TarngInstitute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0002-6657-5566

Funding

National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan 112-2410-H-007-043-MY2

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Educational robotics (ER) has attracted growing attention as an effective means of cultivating computational thinking and programming skills through interactive, sensor-based learning environments. Integrating ER with visual programming platforms enables learners to engage in hands-on, technology-driven problem solving within authentic contexts. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a task-oriented instructional module, grounded in constructivist and experiential learning theories, that integrated App Inventor 2 with a six-axis robotic arm on junior high school students' learning performance. A quasi-experimental design was conducted with 74 eighth-grade students from a junior high school in Hsinchu, Taiwan. The experimental group (

Indexed as

CognitionLearningMobile ApplicationsMotivationRoboticsThinkingAdolescentFemaleHumansMaleStudentsTaiwanApp Inventor 2cognitive loadcomputational thinkingeducational technologylearning motivationprogramming logicrobotic armsspatial reasoning

Identifiers

PMID41305265

DOI10.3390/s25227059

PMCPMC12655920

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.