ReviewPharmaceutics2025
Modern Approaches and Emerging Biological Therapies to Treat Fracture Nonunion.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Current Advancements in Bone Grafting Substitutes for Osteoporotic Distal Tibia Fractures: A Narrative Review of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate (Neobone™) and Demineralized Bone Matrix.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Persistent CRP Elevation at 4 Weeks Is Associated with Delayed Union After Polytrauma: An Exploratory Retrospective Cohort Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Orthobiologics in Trauma: Current Trends, Future Directions, and Regenerative Strategies.Cureus · 2026Review
- The Osteoimmunologic Basis of Biologic and Bioengineered Scaffolds in Fracture Healing.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spatial multi-omics decoding of the fracture nonunion niche: from immune-vascular-skeletal crosstalk to precision regeneration.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fracture nonunion remains an unresolved complication after extremity fracture, with notable costs to patient quality of life and health systems. Nonunion is defined by the inability of fracture ends to unite without evidence of progressive healing over time. Approximately 2 to 10% of all fractures go onto nonunion, with increased rates observed in specific fracture locations and patient populations. Despite advances in fixation techniques and bone grafting, current treatments remain limited and frequently fail to restore durable bone healing. In this review, the current state of emerging biologic and bioengineering therapies for nonunion will be summarized, with a focus on how these advances may shift treatment from palliative reconstruction toward durable healing. Biological therapies such as growth factors, stem cells, and gene-modified constructs show promise but face challenges of short half-life, inconsistent efficacy, and safety concerns. Emerging approaches, including controlled-release scaffolds, immunomodulatory materials, stem cell-derived exosomes, and gene therapy platforms, offer opportunities to more precisely restore the osteogenic, angiogenic, and immunologic environment required for union.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.