ArticleToxics2025
The Effects of Urbanization on Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Function Decline: Findings from a Nation-Wide Longitudinal Study.
Article in Toxics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health concern, especially in developing countries. Although previous studies have suggested a link between urbanization and CKD, the existing evidence remains limited and inconsistent. We selected a sub-cohort of 5298 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All participants had normal renal function at baseline (2011) and were followed up in 2015, with renal biomarkers measured twice. Urbanization was assessed at the city level using the average nighttime light index (ANLI), derived from calibrated long-term satellite remote sensing data. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between urbanization and CKD. Our results showed that a 0.1-unit increase in ANLI was associated with a 7.3% increase in the relative risk of CKD in the fully adjusted model (OR: 1.073, 95% CI: 1.045, 1.101). Subgroup analyses indicated that females (OR: 1.106, 95% CI: 1.068, 1.145) and urban residents (OR: 1.101, 95% CI: 1.060, 1.143) were at higher risk. We also found the synergistic amplification effects of heavier air pollution (PM
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.