ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Targeting GM-CSF in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Advances in Cytokine-Directed Immunotherapy and Clinical Implications.
Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Innate Immune Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Roles in Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Responses.Cancer innovation · 2026Review
- GM-CSF and M-CSF Driven Differentiation Differentially Regulates Chikungunya Virus Infection and Antiviral Responses in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- GM-CSF promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage activation associated with Akt/mTOR signaling during experimental colitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The dual role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis and coronary heart disease and the intervention strategy of traditional Chinese medicine.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has emerged as a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease distinguished by synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. GM-CSF orchestrates the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of myeloid cells (mainly macrophages and neutrophils) thereby sustaining the pro-inflammatory synovial milieu. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody immunotherapy have enabled selective inhibition of GM-CSF or its receptor. Clinical data on several monoclonal antibodies are presented, focusing on their pharmacodynamic properties and efficacy results documented in phase II and III clinical studies. Cumulative evidence supports GM-CSF inhibition as a compelling strategy for modulating inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.