ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2025
Risk Factors Associated with Azotemia in Dogs Presented to the Chiang Mai University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Thailand: A Retrospective Study (2017-2021).
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Kidney disorders in dogs are frequently observed but remain underexplored in Chiang Mai, Thailand. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with azotemia in dogs presented to the Chiang Mai University Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital between May 2017 and December 2021. Medical and laboratory records from 16,146 dogs were reviewed, and demographic, lifestyle, hematologic, and biochemical factors were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression to determine associations with azotemia. Overall, 3505 dogs (21.7%) were classified as azotemic, of which 43.5% had acute kidney injury, 5.9% had chronic kidney disease, and 50.6% were undetermined due to incomplete records. During winter, being mixed-breed, of older age, male sex, being fed with homemade and mixed diets, and drinking tap or mixed water sources were significantly associated with increased risk of azotemia (
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