Personalized Design of 3D-Printed Osteochondral Scaffold for Osteoarthritis Patients with Different Bone Conditions and Mechanical Evaluation.

As osteoarthritis is a common disease in elderly people and large cartilage defects can only be treated by joint replacement surgery, a scaffold is seen as a potential treatment that could help patients to delay or avoid surgery. An ideal scaffold should have similar properties to the surrounding tissues. Thus, for different levels of OA, patients with different bone properties should use different scaffold structures with different mechanical or biological properties. In this paper five structures (A-E) are designed for young OA patients or patients with good bone mechanical properties, middle-age OA patients with weak bone mechanical properties or patients with little osteoporosis, and elderly OA patients who have severer OA and osteoporosis who are not able to perform normal activities. And these five scaffold structures are 3D-printed by an EOS machine with Ti6Al4V powder and evaluated by experiments based on a biomechanical bioreactor simulating the human knee joint and simulation through ANSYS. Structure D with a solid thick beam in the middle has the highest loading force, which is 3707.835 N, and structure E, composed of the polyhedron with the highest specific surface area, has the lowest loading force, which is 1837.402 N. Structures A, B, and C are intended for young OA patients or patients with good bone mechanical properties. Structures D and E are designed for patients who need to avoid or delay joint replacement surgery.