ArticleBiology of sex differences2025
Fundamental sex differences in cocaine-induced plasticity of D1R- and D2R-MSNs in the mouse nucleus accumbens core.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Application of Machine Learning Models to Identify Differences in Neural Electrophysiological Properties Across Estrous Cycle Phases.Neuroinformatics · 2026Article
- Sex differences in neural circuits driving binge-like drinking: a female-specific role for an amygdalo-striatal pathway.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Cocaine sensitization and accumbens shell plasticity depend on biological sex and gonadal hormones in C57BL/6J mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundCocaine-induced changes in nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) differ based on dopamine receptor subtype expression, the sex of the animal, and for females, phase of the estrous cycle. These findings highlight the need to account for both sex and estrous cycle when studying drug-mediated alterations in neurophysiology. Whether MSNs of the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), which serve different aspects of reward function, will exhibit similar sex and estrous cycle effects with cocaine administration was investigated.
methodsMice underwent a 5-day locomotor sensitization paradigm via daily cocaine administration (15 mg/kg, s.c.) followed by a 1- to 4-day drug-free abstinence period. We examined NAcC MSN excitability by obtaining ex vivo whole-cell recordings from differentially labeled dopamine D1-receptor expressing MSNs (D1R-MSNs) and dopamine D2-receptor expressing MSNs (D2R-MSNs) obtained from male mice or female mice that were either in estrus or diestrus.
resultsIn this mouse strain, male and female mice sensitized to cocaine to a similar degree. In males, there were no cocaine-induced changes in NAcC D1R-MSN or D2R-MSN excitability. When comparing MSN subtypes, D2R-MSNs exhibited greater excitability. In saline-treated females, D1R-MSN excitability fluctuated across the estrous cycle with increased excitability during estrus. Following cocaine, estrous cycle-dependent D1R-MSN excitability was arrested, fixed at an intermediate value between estrus and diestrus when compared to saline controls. D2R-MSNs did not change across the estrous cycle or following cocaine. When comparing MSN subtypes, in diestrus, D2R-MSNs were more excitable under saline conditions, but indistinguishable from D1R-MSNs following cocaine. In contrast, during estrus, D1R- was indistinguishable from D2R-MSN excitability in saline treated animals, but with cocaine, D2R-MSNs displayed heightened excitability.
conclusionsThere are fundamental sex differences in cocaine-induced changes to the excitability of D1R-MSNs in the NAcC. After cocaine exposure, female mice in diestrus saw a significant main effect change in MSN excitability, an inversion of what had previously been demonstrated in the NAcSh. These data suggest that there are fundamental sex differences in the neuropharmacological effect of cocaine in males versus females that are shell- and core-specific. HIGHLIGHTS: There are sex- and estrous-cycle dependent changes to D1R-MSNs in the NAcC that are sensitive to cocaine exposure. In males, cocaine has no effect on altering D1R- or D2R- MSNs excitability. During the estrous cycle, D1R-MSNs exhibit increased excitability during estrus. This fluctuation is halted by cocaine, such that D1R-MSNs recorded in diestrus show increased excitability following cocaine exposure whereas female D1R-MSNs recorded in estrus have decreased excitability. The nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) is a brain region associated with regulating motivated behavior. The primary neuronal populations of the NAcC are dopamine D1 receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) and dopamine D2 receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (D2R-MSNs). No studies exist which examine sex differences and estrous cycle effects in the NAcC following cocaine administration. Using ex vivo electrophysiology, we found inherent sex- and estrous-cycle differences in cocaine-induced MSN neuroplasticity. Following cocaine exposure, D1R-MSN excitability was unaffected in males, increased in females recorded during the diestrus phase, and decreased in females recorded during estrus. This ran counter to estrous cycle effects under drug-naive conditions where D1R-MSN excitability was higher in estrus versus diestrus. The estrous cycle effects on D1R-MSNs were eliminated following cocaine administration. For both sexes, D2R-MSN excitability was not impacted following cocaine. These results highlight fundamental sex differences in neurophysiology that might underpin differences in addiction.
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