Observational studyBMC urology2025
Inflammatory and neuroimmune imbalance in diabetic incontinence: insights from serum biomarker profiling.
Observational study in BMC urology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDiabetic urinary incontinence is a multifactorial condition involving neuropathy, oxidative stress, and epithelial dysfunction. Serum biomarkers-cathelicidin (LL-37), elafin, vitamin D receptor (VDR), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) may provide insight into underlying mechanisms.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, single-centre observational study including 120 adults: type II diabetes with urinary incontinence (DI; n = 40), non-diabetic urinary incontinence (Non-DI; n = 40), and healthy controls (n = 40). Serum biomarker levels were measured by ELISA. Group differences were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis, with pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests and Bonferroni adjustment (m = 3) where appropriate.
resultsAmong profiled biomarkers, 4-HNE was lower in DI than in both Non-DI and controls, while LL-37, elafin, VDR, and Aβ1-42 showed no Bonferroni-corrected pairwise differences.
conclusionIn diabetic urinary incontinence, 4-HNE showed the most consistent group-level separation-lower in DI compared with both Non-DI and healthy controls-whereas LL-37, elafin, VDR, and Aβ1-42 did not demonstrate Bonferroni-corrected pairwise differences. These preliminary findings highlight oxidative and neuroimmune alterations in diabetic incontinence and warrant validation in larger longitudinal studies.
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