ArticleBMC microbiology2025
A five-year retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance patterns in clinical bacterial isolates from the Jazeera University Laboratory in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antimicrobial resistance profiles of ESKAPE pathogens isolated in a microbiology laboratory in Somalia: a two-year retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial resistance and stewardshipin clinical practice: A cross-sectional study of healthcare professionals in Mogadishu, Somalia.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Somalia: Surveillance Gaps, Stewardship Barriers, and One Health Priorities.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Somalia: A Growing Public Health Crisis in a Fragile Health System-A Narrative Review of Challenges, Healthcare Gaps, and Policy Recommendations.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Somalia: A Silent Public Health Crisis Demanding Immediate Action.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Somalia, where fragile healthcare systems amplify the challenge. This study aimed to evaluate AMR patterns in clinical bacterial isolates over a five-year period at Jazeera University Laboratory Department in Mogadishu, Somalia, to identify prevalent resistant pathogens and assess resistance trends for commonly prescribed antibiotics.
methodsA retrospective analysis examined 785 bacterial samples from clinical specimens (e.g., urine, blood, wound swabs) collected between January 2019 and December 2024. Isolates which included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, or Enterobacter spp., underwent susceptibility testing for Ampicillin (AMP), Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (AMC), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Gentamicin (GENTA), Nitrofurantoin (NIT), and Methicillin (METH) using disk diffusion method per CLSI guidelines. Data on age, sex, specimen source, isolation year, and resistance profiles were analyzed using SPSS, with chi-square tests to assess associations and temporal trends (p < 0.05 indicating significance).
resultsEscherichia coli (38.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (34.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.9%) were the prevalent pathogens, primarily from urine cultures (47.1%). High resistance was observed for Ampicillin (AMP) in Escherichia coli (96.7%, p = 0.001), Klebsiella pneumoniae (93.9%, p = 0.074), and Staphylococcus aureus (90.1%, p = 0.008), and for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (AMC) in Escherichia coli (78.9%, p = 0.001), Klebsiella pneumoniae (57.8%, p = 0.002), and Staphylococcus aureus (57.3%, p = 0.001). Ceftriaxone (CRO) resistance was high in Escherichia coli (61.8%, p = 0.001) and low in Staphylococcus aureus (16.8%, p = 0.001). Ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistance was moderately high in Escherichia coli (46.7%, p = 0.001) and lower in Staphylococcus aureus (22.3%, p = 0.001). Gentamicin (GENTA) and Nitrofurantoin (NIT) showed an overall lower resistance, particularly in Escherichia coli (16.8%, p = 0.001; 8.2%, p = 0.001) and Staphylococcus aureus (17.9%, p = 0.001; 7.3%, p = 0.001). Staphylococcus aureus exhibited significant methicillin resistance (40.5%, p = 0.001).
conclusionWidespread AMR, particularly to AMP, AMC, CRO, and CIP, the need for targeted antimicrobial stewardship, enhanced surveillance, and robust infection prevention strategies in Somalia’s resource-limited healthcare system to address the growing AMR crisis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.