Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41298383›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Surface structure of water from soft X-ray second harmonic generation.

David J Hoffman, Shane W Devlin, Douglas Garratt, Sasawat Jamnuch, Jacob A Spies, Bailey R Nebgen, Daniel Schacher, Alexandria Do, Franky Bernal, Erika J Riffe and 14 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors.

David J HoffmanSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA. djhoff@slac.stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8518-7676
Shane W DevlinDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Douglas GarrattSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-9984
Sasawat JamnuchTheiss Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Jacob A SpiesDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Bailey R NebgenDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7092
Daniel SchacherNevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4095-6635
Alexandria DoAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Franky BernalDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-6367
Erika J RiffeDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-562X
Kristjan KunnusSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Christina Y HamptonSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Joseph DurisSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9930-1166
David CesarSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Nicholas SudarSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Georgi L DakovskiSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Walter S DrisdellChemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8693-4562
Keith V LawlerNevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-5815
Agostino MarinelliSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-4652
Michael W ZuerchDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-2119
Richard J SaykallyDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Craig P SchwartzNevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA. craig.schwartz@unlv.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4149-2684
Tod A PascalAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. tpascal@ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-1143
Jake D KoralekSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA. koralek@slac.stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-0497

Funding

DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (BES) DE-AC02-76SF00515
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The microscopic structure of water's surface is crucial to many natural and industrial processes, but studying its hydrogen bond (H-bond) network directly remains challenging due to the required interfacial sensitivity of experimental techniques. By leveraging advances in flat liquid sheet microjets and terawatt-scale attosecond soft X-ray pulses from the LCLS X-ray free electron laser, we employed soft X-ray second harmonic generation (SXSHG) spectroscopy to examine the liquid water/vapor interface. SXSHG combines the elemental selectivity of X-ray spectroscopies with the surface selectivity of SHG and gives access to the electronic structure of interfacial species. Here, we show the SXSHG spectrum differs from bulk water's X-ray absorption, with its peak shifted several eV, indicating a vastly different electronic environment at the interface as compared to the bulk. First-principles electronic structure calculations show the signal is highly sensitive to H-bond interactions, such as water molecules accepting a single H-bond, which are surface abundant.

Identifiers

PMID41298383
PMCPMC12658203

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.