ArticleScience advances2025
Spatiotemporally programmed dielectric liquid crystal elastomer: Electro-reversible 3D morphing via inverse 4D printing.
Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dielectric elastomer films with programmed deformation and multifunctionality enabled by patterned electrophoresis of magnetic additive.Science advances · 2026Article
- Prospects of Four-Dimensional Printing of Polymers for Biomedical Engineering.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- High-strength, programmable energy-dissipating liquid crystal elastomers via hydrogen-bond-locked 4D printing.iScience · 2026Article
- Light-Driven Self-Pulsating Hydrogel with a Sliding-Delay Mechanism for Micro-Actuation and Microfluidic Applications.Micromachines · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Programmable shape-morphing materials offer transformative potential in soft robotics and biomedical engineering, yet achieving reversible and precise control over complex 3D deformations remains a notable challenge due to the difficulty in spatially programming nonlinear mechanics. Here, we introduce a shear-assisted digital light-processing 4D printing strategy for spatiotemporal programming the mechanical anisotropy of dielectric liquid crystal elastomers (DLCEs). The printed DLCE actuators exhibit reversible multidimensional shape morphing (e.g., bending, twisting, and complex curved surfaces) under electric fields, governed by regional stiffness gradients. An inverse design algorithm is also developed to convert target 3D surfaces into executable printing tasks. Submillimeter-scale fidelity in reconstructing complex geometries, such as a panda face, a biomimetic plant and the Yellow River's landform, demonstrates capabilities applicable to soft robotics and adaptive systems.
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Registered trials
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