Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41295842›Full record

Trial reportToxins2025

Nixtamalization of Maize to Reduce Mycotoxin Exposure: A Human Biomonitoring Intervention Study in Soweto, South Africa.

Elias Maris, Palesa Ndlangamandla, Oluwasola A Adelusi, Oluwakamisi F Akinmoladun, Julianah O Odukoya, Richard T Fagbohun, Samson A Oyeyinka, Palesa Sekhejane, Roger Pero-Gascon, Marthe De Boevre and 3 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Toxins, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Elias MarisCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health (CEMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0009-0007-7179-2710
Palesa NdlangamandlaDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
Oluwasola A AdelusiCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health (CEMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-5125-4380
Oluwakamisi F AkinmoladunDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
Julianah O OdukoyaCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health (CEMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-5058-6842
Richard T FagbohunDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
Samson A OyeyinkaDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-5760-541X
Palesa SekhejaneDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
Roger Pero-GasconCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health (CEMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-5019-1405
Marthe De BoevreCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health (CEMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-6151-5126
Siska CroubelsLaboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-6357-3517
Patrick B NjobehDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-5193-3650
Sarah De SaegerCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health (CEMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-2160-7253

Funding

Interuniversity Special Research Fund (iBOF) 01IB1320
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination is a global threat to food safety and human health, especially in regions facing food insecurity, such as Sub-Saharan Africa. This intervention study evaluates the effectiveness of nixtamalization, a traditional alkaline cooking method, in reducing mycotoxin levels in maize and corresponding urinary biomarkers of exposure. Forty adult healthy volunteers from an informal settlement in Kliptown, Soweto (South Africa), were randomly assigned to consume control maize or visibly moldy maize subjected to nixtamalization. Nixtamalization achieved a reduction in fumonisin B3 and deoxynivalenol (DON) to unquantifiable or undetectable levels in maize, while reducing fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2, and zearalenone (ZEN) by 95%, 95%, and 89%, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was unquantifiable before and eliminated after treatment. Biomarker analysis revealed that after consumption of either control or nixtamalized maize, urinary levels of FB1, ZEN, and its metabolites α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZEL) did not show significant differences between groups (

Indexed as

CookingFood ContaminationMycotoxinsZea maysAdultBiological MonitoringBiomarkersFemaleFumonisinsHumansMaleMiddle AgedSouth AfricaYoung AdultBiomarkersfumonisin B1FumonisinsMycotoxinsfood safetyhuman biomonitoringmaizemycotoxinnixtamalizationSub-Saharan Africa

Identifiers

PMID41295842
PMCPMC12656582

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.