ArticleVaccines2025
Delayed Cellular Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Antibody-Non-Responders to COVID-19 Vaccination: Rethinking Post-Vaccine Immune Assessment.
Article in Vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are routinely assessed through IgG measurements, less is known about the temporal dynamics of vaccine-induced cellular immunity, particularly in individuals who fail to develop detectable IgG antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination.
objectiveTo investigate the development and timing of T-cell immunity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in antibody-non-responders to COVID-19 vaccination.
methodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted on COVID-19-naive individuals who had received full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, categorized by SARS-CoV-2 IgG serostatus. T-cell response was evaluated using the IGRA methodology T-SPOT
resultsWithin the seronegative group, IgG levels showed a strong negative correlation with time since vaccination (Spearman ρ = -0.65,
conclusionsCellular immunity response against SARS-CoV-2 may emerge later than expected in antibody-non-responders to COVID-19 vaccination, with the 80-day post-vaccination mark emerging as a critical time point. Our results support the inclusion of cellular assays in post-vaccination monitoring and emphasize the need to reconsider the timing and criteria for evaluating vaccine response.
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