Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41295493›Full record

ArticleVaccines2025

Enhancement of Vaccine-Induced T-Cell Responses by Probiotics in Calves.

Mari Ikehata, Tomohiro Okagawa, Hayato Nakamura, Naoya Maekawa, Yasuhiko Suzuki, Shiro Murata, Kazuhiko Ohashi, Satoru Konnai

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Probiotics as Potential Enhancers of Veterinary Vaccines.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mari IkehataDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
Tomohiro OkagawaDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-1391-9732
Hayato NakamuraDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
Naoya MaekawaDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
Yasuhiko SuzukiInstitute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-1313-1494
Shiro MurataDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-2569-899X
Kazuhiko OhashiDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-7513-640X
Satoru KonnaiDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-3230-7109

Funding

Hokkaido University Veterinary Teaching Hospital n/aJapan Agency for Medical Research and Development JP223fa627005Japan Racing Association (JRA) Livestock Development Promotion Project n/aJapan Society for the Promotion of Science JP19KK0172, JP22K19232, JP23K23768, JP23KK0124, JP19K15993, JP22K15005, and JP24K01918Science and Technology Research Promotion Program for Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Food Industry, Japan 26058BCthe NARO, Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution 16817557 and JPJ011937
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesCalves have immature immune systems, hence immunization with vaccines is essential to protect them from infectious diseases. However, immune responses to vaccines vary widely among individuals. Therefore, strategies for enhancing vaccine efficacy are needed, particularly those targeting low responders to vaccines. Probiotics have attracted attention because of their beneficial immunomodulatory effects on the host. Although probiotics may improve calf immunity, their potential to enhance immune responses to vaccines in calves remains unclear. Thus, we investigated whether immune responses to vaccines, especially T-cell responses, are enhanced when calves receive a combination of probiotic supplementation and vaccination.

methodsCalves were divided into three feeding groups, as follows: negative control feed, live bacteria-mixed feed (Zeosapo KB), and

resultsCD25 expression significantly increased in CD4

conclusionsThis clinical study demonstrates that probiotics activate CD4

Indexed as

calfClostridium butyricumgrowth rateprobioticsT cellvaccine

Identifiers

PMID41295493
PMCPMC12656743

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.