SynthesisJournal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.]2026
Impact of Phosphoric Acid Etching Duration on the Bonding Performance of Universal Adhesives on Enamel: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies.
Synthesis in Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bond Strength of Injectable Composites Under Different Enamel Treatments and Bonding Strategies.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe optimal duration of phosphoric acid etching (PAE) for enamel bonding remains uncertain, particularly in the context of universal adhesives. The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether shortened etching times (< 15 s) provide comparable bond strength to conventional protocols. MATERIALS AND
methodsSearches were conducted across four databases, including Embase, OpenGrey through DANS, PubMed, and Scopus. Laboratory studies on human or bovine enamel specimens, treated with varying PAE durations prior to the application of universal adhesives, were included. Data regarding etching protocols, adhesive types, substrate preparation (ground vs. unground enamel), and bond strength outcomes were analyzed. Risk of bias was evaluated using the RoBDEMAT tool.
resultsOf 762 records screened, eight laboratory studies met inclusion criteria. Etching times of 3-15 s achieved bond strengths that were statistically non-inferior to conventional durations, with no added benefit from prolonged etching. Ground enamel consistently showed enhanced bond strength with PAE, whereas unground enamel exhibited similar bonding trends. The risk of bias was most often due to inadequate sample size justification, deficiencies in randomization, and absence of blinding.
conclusionsShort-duration PAE (3-15 s) appears sufficient for effective bonding of universal adhesives to enamel, while minimizing potential risk of over-etching of adjacent dentin. Future research should focus on tailoring etching protocols based on cavity-specific characteristics and exploring alternative pretreatment methods to enhance bonding performance. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This review suggests that abbreviated phosphoric acid etching (3-15 s) provides enamel bond strengths equivalent to conventional durations when universal adhesives are used. This approach may reduce the risk of inadvertent dentin over-etching in mixed-substrate cavities while maintaining optimal adhesive performance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.