ArticleCureus2025
Association Between First-Trimester Vitamin D Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Observational Study From South India.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundVitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are two overlapping public health concerns that are increasingly prevalent among pregnant women. This study was designed to assess whether serum vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester is associated with the development of GDM in an Indian antenatal population. This study aimed to evaluate the association between first-trimester serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and subsequent development of GDM.
methodsThis prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in a tertiary care center in South India. Eighty-seven singleton pregnant women in their first trimester (<13 weeks of gestation) were recruited. Exclusion criteria included pre-gestational diabetes and a previous history of GDM. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The oral glucose challenge test was utilized for GDM screening at 24-28 weeks and again at 32-34 weeks. Statistical analyses included logistic regression and an ROC curve to identify predictive thresholds.
resultsVitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was detected in 60.9% of participants. GDM occurred in 30 women, with a significant association noted between vitamin D deficiency and GDM (p = 0.001). Logistic regression revealed that vitamin D deficiency conferred a fivefold increased risk of GDM (aOR: 5.03; 95% CI: 2.12-11.94). ROC analysis demonstrated high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.94), with <19.5 ng/mL identified as the optimal threshold (sensitivity: 88.2%, specificity: 91.3%).
conclusionFirst-trimester vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with increased risk of developing GDM later in pregnancy. These findings support routine early pregnancy screening for vitamin D and suggest potential benefits of timely nutritional interventions in high-risk populations.
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