ArticleScientific reports2025
Secure image encryption using a 4D chaotic system and Langton's ant cellular automaton.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Medical image encryption algorithm based on Chen's chaotic system and the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Four-pixel sum-preserving encryption using the chaotic map for high thumbnail-preserving image security.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- SCD-CHAOS: dynamic S-box and chaotic hybrid adaptive image encryption using multi-map diffusion.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Hybrid Vigenere and elliptic curve cryptography technique over the finite field [Formula: see text].Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recent explosion of high-rate multimedia transfer has heightened the need for image ciphers that are lossless, payload-grade, and computationally efficient, yet fully structure-adaptive. Traditional block ciphers are effective for byte streams but do not account for spatial dependencies in images, while many chaos-based methods remain ad hoc, lacking strict invertibility and clear keying or synchronization mechanisms. Motivated by these gaps, we present a keyed image cipher that integrates a four-dimensional (4D) chaotic driver with a rule-adaptive variant of Langton's Ant cellular automaton. The scheme performs pixel permutation followed by two mutually inverse decimal diffusions with cross-channel feedback, and a symbolic diffusion stage that encodes bytes into Ant symbols intermingled through three distinct, keystream- and rule-dependent operators. The core novelty is a provably bijective symbolic diffusion with an explicit inverse and a branch-number-style local diffusion lower bound, combined with a linear-time streaming implementation. The cipher passes the NIST SP 800-22 statistical tests on both keystream and ciphertext-derived bitstreams. Experiments on standard test images show NPCR[Formula: see text] UACI[Formula: see text] Shannon entropy [Formula: see text]bits/pixel, negligible adjacent-pixel correlations, high key sensitivity, and strong robustness against 20% salt-and-pepper noise and 20% occlusion. The overall key space is approximately [Formula: see text], indicating high resistance to brute-force attacks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.