ArticleMedicine and science in sports and exercise2026
Longitudinal Tracking of Objective Measures of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in Children.
Article in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeUnderstanding the longitudinal tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), adiposity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during childhood is essential for developing effective health interventions. Our study evaluated the tracking of objectively measured MVPA, CRF, and adiposity from early to late elementary school age.
methodsParticipants were recruited through five elementary schools in the Kanto region in Japan. Of the 247 children assessed at baseline in first grade (ages 6-7), 244 participated in a follow-up in fifth grade (ages 10-11). CRF was assessed as peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 peak, mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) during a progressive treadmill test. Body fat percentage was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. MVPA was measured using a triaxial accelerometer worn for 14 consecutive days.
resultsSpearman rank correlations indicated high tracking of body fat percentage in boys (ρ = 0.65, P < 0.001) and girls (ρ = 0.61, P < 0.001), and moderate and high tracking of MVPA in boys (ρ = 0.58, P < 0.001) and girls (ρ = 0.63, P < 0.001). CRF showed moderate tracking in boys (ρ = 0.57, P < 0.001), but weaker tracking in girls (ρ = 0.29, P < 0.01). Generalized estimating equations analyses adjusted for height revealed significant tracking for all three indicators, with a weaker tracking pattern for CRF in girls compared with boys: body fat percentage (β = 0.89 in boys, 0.79 in girls, both P < 0.001), MVPA (β = 0.70 in boys, 0.69 in girls, both P < 0.001), and CRF (β = 0.76 in boys, 0.54 in girls, both P < 0.001).
conclusionsThese findings support the need for targeted approaches during the early school years to prevent the consolidation of unfavorable profiles in fitness, adiposity, and physical activity. In addition, population-wide approaches throughout the school-age years may be important in supporting fitness development in girls, given the greater variability observed in CRF.
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