ArticleHealth & justice2025
Bridging crisis and care: exploring the role of behavioral health professionals in a police co-response model.
Article in Health & justice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Frequent police contact and nonfatal overdose among people who use drugs in rural Appalachia.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Correction: Bridging crisis and care: exploring the role of behavioral health professionals in a police co-response model.Health & justice · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Police co-responder programs are collaborations between law enforcement and healthcare institutions where behavioral health professionals are embedded within police departments to support officers responding to incidents involving mental health and/or substance use. Research suggests that co-responder programs, which have existed for over 20 years in the United States and have become particularly popular in recent years, have the potential to decrease police use of force and divert individuals experiencing behavioral health crises from the criminal justice system. However, scant knowledge exists about the role of behavioral health professionals in these programs. This qualitative study examines nearly three years of clinical notes from the Boston Police Department's co-response program. Using an inductive approach incorporating aspects of grounded theory and thematic analysis, we analyzed notes from 4,111 co-response encounters between July 2019 and March 2022. Our study yielded a conceptual framework with three domains. First, behavioral health professionals interacted with a wide range of community members, including: police personnel; individuals experiencing behavioral health crises; family members of individuals in crisis; and healthcare and social services providers. Second, and through these interactions, behavioral health professionals assessed behavioral health symptoms, behavioral health history, and indicators of risk. Finally, and in response to their assessments, behavioral health professionals provided clinical supports, police assistance, and general assistance to multiple community members. Our findings suggest potential mechanisms by which co-response programs impact both police and behavioral health outcomes. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.