ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026
Maternal Thyroid Hormone Imbalance and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex-dependent vulnerability to early-life phthalates exposure and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Interaction of the Gut Microbiota and the Enteric Nervous System: Implications in Gastrointestinal Disorders Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Review
- Maternal Thyroid Hormone Imbalance and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextMaternal thyroid hormones are essential for fetal neurodevelopment. Gestational thyroid imbalance has been associated with atypical neurodevelopment, including increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
objectiveTo examine the association between maternal thyroid dysfunction and ASD risk in offspring.
designRetrospective cohort study with follow-up through January 2021.
settingSingle tertiary hospital in southern Israel (Soroka University Medical Center); linked to Clalit Health Services electronic records. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsA total of 51 296 singleton births between January 2011 and December 2017. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Offspring ASD diagnosis (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition).
resultsA total of 4409 (8.6%) of the mothers showed abnormal thyroid function. ASD cumulative incidence was similar in the offspring of women with normal and abnormal thyroid function (log-rank P = .27). While chronic hypothyroidism only (reflecting likely adequate treatment) was not significantly associated with ASD [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15-1.48], combined chronic and gestational hypothyroidism was associated with higher ASD risk (aHR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.44-4.74). Trimester-specific analysis indicated a dose-response effect, in which the longer the period of hypothyroidism, the higher the ASD risk, namely, for 1, 2, or 3 trimesters of exposure: aHR, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.19-2.83); aHR, 2.39 (95% CI, 1.24-5.78); aHR, 3.25 (95% CI, 1.07-7.21), respectively.
conclusionThe findings suggest adequately treated chronic hypothyroidism is not associated with ASD in offspring, whereas persistent hormonal imbalance across trimesters conveys elevated risk. These findings underscore the importance of routine thyroid function screening and timely treatment throughout pregnancy.
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